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VIEW AT A GLANCE OF
SANTILLI'S MAGNEGAS™ TECHNOLOGY

Prepared by scientists of the Institute for Basic Research

 

1. THE BIRTH OF SANTILLI'S MAGNEGAS™ TECHNOLOGY

The MagneGas™ technology originated from the vision of President, now Nobel Laureate Jimmy Carter, whose Administration, under his guidance, solicited the U. S. Department of Energy to invite Prof. Ruggero Maria Santilli in the late 1970's, then at Harvard University, to apply for research grant for the development of new clean energies and fuels. The invitation was the result of the fact that Prof. Santilli was already known at that time for his research in surpassing established doctrines.

In 1979, jointly with senior mathematicians at Harvard, Prof. Santilli became the Co-Principal Investigator of the following DOE research grants ER-78-S-02-47420.A000, AS02-78ER04742, DE-ACO2-80ER10651, DE-ACO2-80ER-10651.A001, and DE-ACO2-80ER10651.A002, under administration by Harvard University. Still as of today, Prof. Santilli remains deeply grateful to President Carter and his Administration for their vision which permitted the birth of basic advances.

By the late 1970s, all energies and fuels predicted by quantum mechanics had been essentially discovered. Therefore, the above research grants were used for the construction of a generalization of quantum mechanics today known as Hadronic mechanics, a name indicating the primary applicability of the new mechanics in the interior of "hadrons" (which are all strongly interacting particles such as protons and neutrons), as well as to systems possessing similar physical characteristics (technically characterized by nonlocal, nonlinear and nonpotential interactions due to the mutual overlappings of the wavepackets of particles at short distances which are beyond any home of treatment via quantum mechanics due to its strictly local, linear and potential structure).

Since there cannot be really new mechanics for nonlocal, nonlinear and nonpotential systems without surpassing the pre-existing mathematics for local, linear and potential systems, and since there cannot be really new mathematics without new numbers, Prof. Santilli's primary effort was the search of new numbers, today known as Santilli iso-, geno-, hyper- and isodual numbers, from which new mechanics and, consequently, new industrial applications, can follow uniquely and unambiguously.

Upon termination of the DOE support, in January 1984 Prof. Santilli assumed the position of President of the Institute for Basic Research, then in a Victorian house located on Harvard's grounds, and jointly entered into a scientific consulting agreement with a private corporation for the development of the industrial applications of Hadronic mechanics to new clean energies and fuels. According to this agreement, the private corporation provided Prof. Santilli with his salary, office facilities and research support. In turn, Prof. Santilli systematically assigned to this corporation all intellectual rights resulting from his research, a condition which is still in effect at this writing.

Following the signature of the consulting agreement of 1984, the first experimental tests on new energies and fuels based on Hadronic mechanics were conducted in the early 1990s. The first patent application was filed in June 20, 1994, on the basic equipment of the new technology, scientifically called hadronic reactors™ (because based on hadronic mechanics) and industrially known as PlasmaArcFlow™ Recyclers. The first patent application on the new chemical species of Santilli electromagnecules, from which the new technology received its name, was filed on January 7, 1997. Numerous industrial development followed since that time, with a total investment to date in excess of five million dollars.. The technology is today protected by numerous patents and patent applications in the U.S.A. and abroad.

Thanks to the above comprehensive research over two decades, President Carter's and Prof. Santilli's dream of new clean energies and fuels is today a reality. The duration of the research is an illustration of its complexity, because really new clean energies and fuels require really new effects of waveoverlappings indicated earlier at the particle, nuclear and molecular level all structurally beyond quantum mechanics.

A detailed account of the above long scientific journey has been recently reported in the post Ph. D. level monograph
R. M. Santilli,
FOUNDATIONS OF HADRONIC CHEMISTRY
WITH APPLICATIONS TO NEW CLEAN ENERGIES AND FUELS,"
Kluwer Academic Publisher
Dordrecht-Boston-London
December 2001
ISBN 1-4020-0087-1
Order by e-mail at Kluwer Academic Publishers.

 

An account of the new iso-,geno, hyper- and isodual numbers, mathematics and mechanics has been recently presented by Prof. Santilli at invited plenary talks at the Conference of the International Association for Relativistic Dynamics, Washington, Dc.C., June 2002, International Congress of Mathematicians, Hong Kong, August 2002, and International Conference on Physical Interpretation of Relativity Theories, London, September 2002, and it is available in pdf format in the memoir entitled
ISO-, GENO-, HYPER-MECHANICS FOR MATTER, THEIR ISODUALS, FOR ANTIMATTER, AND THEIR NOVEL APPLICATIONS IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY,>
This memoir is in press at the Journal of Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories. It contains a list of 225 technical references, including some 20 monographs and about 50 volumes of conference proceedings, which are directly relevant to the new clean energies and fuels under consideration here.

A nontechnical description of the new numbers and mechanics for the general public is available in the web site of the Institute for Basic Research. A number of recent monographs and technical articles, including monographs in Russian and Spanish languages, are available in pdf format in the IBR web page Scientific Works.

Prof. Santilli's curriculum and his complete list of publications is available in the web page http://i-b-r.org/santilli.htm

 

 

2.. PLASMA-ARC-FLOW™ RECYCLERS

Following an in depth investigation of various possible processes, Prof. Santilli selected a particular new form of a submerged electric arc for the realization of his new energies and fuels. The selection was made for an industrial duplication of the processes and energies associated with lightning. The selection was also based on the fact that submerged electric arcs are dramatically more efficient than other processes, such as plasmas within gases (because the density of gases is over 1,000 times smaller than that of liquids, thus having a dramatically smaller efficiency), electrolysis (because they have an efficiency which is less than 1/10-th that of submerged electric arcs, as we shall see, and have a production rate which is also a fraction that of submerged electric arcs), etc.

The new arc process is called PlasmaArcFlow™ (patented and international patents pending), and consists in flowing a liquid through an electric arc at a certain rate, a certain pressure and a certain temperature. Rather complex new laws of hadronic mechanics then permit the achievement of new clean energies and fuel via a judicious control of flow, pressure and temperature per each liquid considered, plus additives and a variety of peripheral processes. Visitors are, therefore, alerted that Prof. Santilli's technology is deceptively simple because it tends to suggest that it merely deals with a submerged electric arc, while in reality its industrial realization implies the most advanced scientific knowledge available today.


 

FIGURE 1: A schematic view of Prof. Santilli's PlasmaArcFlow™ process underlying the technology (patented and international patents pending).

This presentation is primarily intended to outline MagneGas as a fuel, while aspects pertaining to the production of new clean energies (independently from the production of a fuel) have been omitted for security reasons.Visitors interested in clean energies alone may contact Prof. Santilli directly at ibr@gte.net

Santilli's PlasmaArcFlow™ Recyclers are presented in detail in the web pages

 

2.A: PLASMA-ARC-FLOW™ TOTAL RECYCLERS.
They have been conceived and developed by Prof. Santilli for the complete elimination of unwanted liquid wastes, such as automotive antifreeze and oil waste, cooking oil waste, industrial, agricultural and marine liquid wastes, etc., as well as for the processing of crude oil into the clean burning MagneGas™ (see below). A submerged electric arc between carbonaceous electrodes decomposes the molecules of the liquid feedstock into their atoms, ionizes the latter and forms a plasma at about 10,000 degrees F of mostly ionized H, C, O and other atoms. The PlasmaArcFlow™ moves said plasma away from the arc and controls the subsequent chemical reactions. By continuously recirculating the liquid through the arc, PlasmaArcFlow™ Recyclers completely eliminate the liquid waste and transform it into:

(1) Clean burning MagneGas™ which bubbles to the surface where it is collected and then subjected to various purification processes;

(2) Carbonaceous solids which precipitate at the bottom of the recyclers where they are periodically removed and used for the production of electrodes; and

(3) Large amount of heat originating from the highly esoenergetic reactions for the formation of MagneGas (such as the formation of CO which releases essentially the same heat as that from burning coal). This heat is acquired by the liquid feedstock and can be used via a heat exchanger for heating up buildings, partial self-generation of DC electricity of the arc via a steam turbine, desalting seawater via evaporation, and other applications.

 

Santilli Total Recyclers are environmentally very friendly because: they eliminate unwanted liquid wastes; they produce a combustible gas with clean exhaust (see Section 6 below); all their operations are internal and release nothing into the environment; and they cause no noise pollution since their sole noise is that of ordinary pumps and AC-DC converters. Also, the use of ordinary coal for the production of electrodes enhances the energy content of MagneGas and has other advantages. The great affinity of oxygen and carbon prevents other elements (such as sulphur) from participating in the synthesis of the gas, and precipitate as solids. Therefore, PlasmaArcFlow™ Recyclers also constitute a new method for the gasification of coal into a clean burning fuel.


FIGURE 2: A computer controlled small Total Recycler with 50 kW AC-DC converter for the recycling of water-base liquid wastes.


 

FIGURE 3: An industrial Total Recycler with 150 kW for the recycling of water-base and oil-base liquid wastes.

 


2.B: PLASMA-ARC-FLOW™ LINEAR RECYCLERS.
They have been conceived and developed for the recycling of bio-contaminated waters such as city, agricultural or marine sewage (patented and international patents pending). While Total Recyclers can use liquids of any density provided that they can be pumped thought the arc, Linear Recyclers can only process waters with up to 10%contaminants, thus requiring a simply dilution in the event of bigger concentrations.

Linear Recyclers expose biocontaminated liquids to the 10,000 degrees F of the electric arc, its very high DC currents, and its very intense ultraviolet light. All these factors eliminate any bacteriological activity while producing MagneGas. Also, while passing though the electric arc, substances in suspension are turned into a carbonaceous form, while substances in solution as well as the temperature of the liquid remain essentially unaffected due to the speed of the flow.

After passing through the electric arc, the liquid feedstock is passed through a centrifuge or other means for the removal of solids processed into said carbonaceous form, and finally through a filtration system. In this way, linear Recycler can process water with up to 10% bio-contaminants by producing:

(1) Clean burning MagneGas as for the Total Recyclers;

(2) Carbonaceous materials which are used for the production of electrodes as for the Total Recyclers; and

(3) Filtered water which is as transparent as tap water, yet contains the original substances in solution, thus being excellent for irrigation.

Linear Recyclers too are environmentally very friendly because they release no contaminants of any type, have no noise pollution, and produce no odor. As such, they are preferable over existing methods of sewage treatment, besides being cost competitive and producing a clean burning gaseous fuel.

FIGURE 4: A prototype of the Linear Recycler with 50 kW 

 

 

FIGURE 5: A 3D view of a Linear Recycling Plant under construction by a Euro-US partnership. Note three PlasmaArcFlow™ Stations connected in a linear way (which explains the name of the recycler), the MagneGas processing station and the irrigation water station. All PlasmaArcFlow™ Recyclers are completely automatic and can be operated at a distance.

 


3. EFFICIENCY AND OPERATING COSTS OF PLASMA-ARC-FLOW™ RECYCLERS

Santilli Total Recyclers have a very high efficiency which implies low operating costs and the production of MagneGas at a cost competitive over that of other fuels, of course, when produced in large volumes.

One reason of the high efficiency is due to the fact that Santilli hadronic recyclers are conceived and constructed to burn carbon via the electric arc, rather than a flame. In fact, in the plasma surrounding the tip of the electrodes we have carbon in the presence of oxygen and an electric discharge, thus implying essentially the same esoenergetic chemical reactions occurring when burning coal on a stove, such as the formation of CO (which releases 255 Kilocalories per mople).

We then have the scientific efficiency is the ratio between the total energy out and the total energy in, and that ratio is always smaller than one (scientific under-unity), evidently due to the principle of conservation of the energy, and we have the expression

Emg + Eheat
------------------------- < 1.
Electric + Eoil waste

However, operating costs cannot include the energy contained in oil wastes, because oil wastes bring an income for their recycling, rather than costing money. Therefore, the operating costs of total recyclers are based on the commercial efficiency which is given by the ratio between the total energy out and only the electric energy in. Such a ratio results to be much bigger than one (commercial over-unity) because the energy in oil wastes is much bigger than the electric energy per scf of MagneGas produced, and we have the commercial expression

Emg + Eheat
------------------ >> 1.
Electric

 

.
4. THE NOVEL MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE OF MAGNEGAS™

Prior to Prof. Santilli's research, it was popularly believed that the gas produced by an underwater arc is composed of 50% H2 and 50% CO, with traces of other molecules such as CO2 and H2O. This belief has been disproved by numerous experimental evidence, such as:

(1) Since CO burns by producing CO2, a gas with 50% CO should produce about 40% CO2 in the exhaust, while the exhaust of MagneGas™ produced from water contains only about 4% of CO2;

(2) According to well known chemical reactions, the creation of 50% H2 and 50% CO should produce 2,250 BTU per scf of MagneGas™ produced (see the technical literature quoted in Section 2), while only 250 BTU/scf have been measured in MagneGas™ produced from water, thus confirming that at most 5% CO may be contained in MagneGas™;

(3) A gas composed of 50% H2 and 50% CO should exhibit under mass spectroscopy two corresponding large peaks. In reality, GC-MS/IRD analyses have indeed detected a large peak at 2 amu representing H2, although in a percentage much less than 50%, wehile detecting no peak at all representing CO.

The above experimental evidence, as well as other, establish beyond any credible doubt that MagneGas™ does not possess a conventional molecular structure. In fact, the most important novelty of the technology is that MagneGas™ is composed of the new chemical species of "Santilli magnecules" (patented and international patents pending), which constitutes the only new chemical species discovered by mankind since the identification of molecules by Avogadro, Canizzaro et al. over 150 years ago.

This discovery is the result of the two decades of research in physics, superconductivity and chemistry outlined in Section 2, with a post Ph.D. level presentation in P{rof. Santilli recent monograph Elements of Hadronic Chemistry with Applications to New Clean Energies and Fuels quoted therein. A nontechnical outline of magnecules can be found in the web page http://www.i-b-r.org/ir00020b.htm.

For the limited scope of this presentation we can say that, when analyzed via Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometers (GC-MS), MagneGas™ results to be constituted by a large number of peaks from 2 atomic mass units (amu) all the way to 1,000 amu. Except for the pean at 2 amu (which represents hydrogen), all MS peaks remain unidentified by the computer following a search among all known molecules (usually up to 500,000 different molecules) and, when inspected with the InfraRed Detectors (IRD), the MS peaks show no infrared signature at their mass value, thus establishing that they cannot possibly be molecules (since valence bonds imply a necessary IR signature for large clusters).

More detailed studies and analyses have established that MagneGas is composed of the new chemical species of magnecules which consist of clusters of individual H, C, O and other atoms, OH, CH and other dimers, single valence bonded C-O and double valence bonded C=O, and ordinary molecules such as H2, H2O, O2, triple valence bonded CO and other molecules, all these constituents being bonded together by new attractive forces originating from the toroidal polarization of the orbital;s of individual atoms.

Prof. Santilli has called "MagneGases™" all gases with a magnecular structure. This implies that all gases produced via a submerged electric arc are indeed MagneGases™.

Stated in layman's terms, the magnetic field in the atomic vicinity of 3,000-5,000 A of DC electric arcs are of the order of billions of Gauss. As such, they transform the electron clouds surrounding nuclei from their conventional spherical distribution in all space directions into a doughnut shaped distribution inside which the charged electrons rotate. This rotation causes a very strong magnetic field (which has been established to be 1,415 times stronger than the nuclear magnetic field), under which doughnut-shaped atoms snap together one against the other like small magnets irrespective of whether such atoms are isolated, or belong to a dimmer such as OH or belong to an ordinary molecule such as CO, and irrespective of whether the element is diamagnetic or paramagneticIt then follows that magnecules can be formed also between molecules which are diamagnetic, such as H2. In this case the total magnetic field of the hydrogen molecule is zero because having opposite directions in the two H atoms. The new bonds are formed between opposite magnetic polarities of individual atoms.

 

FIGURE 6: Print-outs of the chemical analysis of MagneGas produced from water conducted at McLellan Air Force Base in Sacramento, California on June 18, 1998 via GC-MS/IRD. The top view shows the MS peaks from 40 amu to 500 amu and the bottom view shows their IR signature. MagneGas produced from water should have the CO2 at 44 amu as the heaviest molecule (since no hydrocarbon can survive at the 10,000 degrees F of the electric arc). Therefore, only the CO2 peak should appear on the left hand side of the mass spectrum. On the contrary, the CO2 peak appears nowhere in the mass spectrum, none of the macroscopic mass peaks were identified by the computer among all known molecules, and none of these mass peaks had any IR signature at their mass value, thus signaling the birth of a new, non-valence chemical species. Note that the IRD did detect the presence of CO2 in MagneGas, but only as one constituent of all peaks in the MS.

The novel magnecular structure of MagneGas has dramatic environmental implications. To begin, the lack of a conventional hydrocarbon structure implies the elimination of carcinogenic and other toxic substances in the exhaust. The same new structure implies the capability of essentially synthesizing clean fuels with predetermines features. For instance, it is not possible to increase the hydrogen content of diesel or gasoline since hydrogen is a gas and will not have a valence bond with ordinary liquids. On the contrary, the hydrogen content of MagneGas™ can be increased via the mere selection of liquid feedstock rich in hydrogen and other means. Also, conventional fossil fuels cannot contain oxygen (except when it is valence bonded). By comparison, MagneGas™ does indeed contain a significant percentage of oxygen under magnetic bonds (see the data below on the combustion exhaust).

In summary, at the atomic scale, MagneGas produced from water is composed of 50% hydrogen atoms, 25% Oxygen atoms and 25% Carbon atoms (where H and O originate from the dissociation of water and C originates from the electrodes). At the magnecular scale MagneGas is composed of clusters containing isolated H, C and O atoms and all their non-hydrocarbon combinations, such as OH, CH, C-O, C=O, H2, O2, H2O, CO and CO2.MagneGasesat the atomic scale produced from other feedstock have a similar magnecular structure.

 

5. MEASUREMENTS OF MAGNEGAS™ EXHAUST

Extensive measurements of MagneGas™ exhaust were conducted in November 2000 by the automotive laboratory Liphardt & Associates of Long Island, New York, certified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),via a Honda Civic which was produced for compressed natural gas but was operated with MagneGas without any change (to show the interchangeability of these two fuels, as well as the already existence in the market of cars which can be operated with MagneGas).

A detailed report on the measurement is available in the web page http://www.MagneGas.com/technology/part7.htm. A summary of the measurements is provided in the table below.


 

Element (MG) Natural Gas Gasoline EPA Standards
Hydro-carbons 0.026 gm/mi 0.380 gm/mi
2460% of MG emission		 0.234 gm/mi
900% of MG emission		 0.41 gm/mi
Carbon Monoxide 0.262 gm/mi 5.494 gm/mi
2096% of MG emission		 1.965 gm/mi
750% of MG emission		 3.40 gm/mi
Nitrogen Oxides 0.281 gm/mi .732 gm/mi
260% of MG emission		 0.247 gm/mi
80% of MG emission		 1.00 gm/mi
Carbon Dioxide 235 gm/mi 646.503 gm/mi
275% of MG emission		 458.655 gm/mi
195% of MG emission		 No EPA standard exists for Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen 9%-12% 0.5%-0.7%
0.04% of MG emission		 0.5%-0.7%
0.04% of MG emission		 No EPA standard exists for Oxygen

FIGURE 8: Measurements of MagneGas, natural gas, and gasoline exhaust by the EPA certified automotive laboratory Liphardt & Associates in conducted November 2000. Note the dramatic quality of MagneGas™ exhaust measured in a Honda Civic as compared to the exhaust of: natural gas and gasoline in the same car; and current EPA requirements. In fact, MagneGas exhaust contains about 1/15-th of the EPA requirements. Also, MagneGas™ exhaust has about 50% less green gases (CO2) then gasoline exhaust, and MagneGas exhaust contains 9% to 12 % breathable oxygen. Therefore MagneGas™ is the only fuel whose exhaust can sustain life (hydrogen exhaust cannot sustain life because of the lack of oxygen).

 

The following comments are important:

(1) In view of the above data, the automotive laboratory Liphardt & Associates issues a written statement according to which cars running on MagneGas™ can operate without catalytic converter while surpassing current EPA requirements.

(2) The presence of CO in MagneGas™ exhaust corresponds to the presence of unburned gasoline in the exhaust of a gasoline fueled car, because CO is fuel for MagneGas™ while it is a combustion by-product for gasoline. Therefore, the CO measured by Liphardt & Associates indicates that the combustion in the used Honda Civic was not optimized for MagneGas™, since the Honda Civic had been produced for natural gas and used for MagneGas™ without change.

(3) MagneGas™ is produced at 10,000 degrees F of the electric arc at which temperatures no hydrocarbon can survive. Therefore, the detected traces of hydrocarbons originated from the seepage of oil through the piston rings and other sources, rather than from MagneGas™.

In volume percentage, when burning in open air, MagneGas exhaust is composed of about 50% water vapors (originating from the combustion of 50% of its hydrogen content) , about 12%-14% breathable oxygen, about 4%-6% carbon dioxide, no hydrocarbon, and no carbon monoxide, while all remaining exhaust components are inert atmospheric gases.

 

6. USE OF MAGNEGAS™ FOR THE GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

As it is well known, fossil fueled electric power plants release the biggest source of pollution in our atmosphere today. Most of the alarming environmental problems identified in Section 1 are caused precisely by the combustion of fossil fuels in electric power plants.

These serious environmental problems have stimulated predictable legal actions. For instance, various electric power plants in the Mid-West of the U.S.A. have been sued by the States of Pennsylvania and Maryland for the damage caused by acid rain (since winds bring pollution Eastward), while virtually all fossil fueled power plants in the U.S.A. are nowadays paying large fines from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

FIGURE 8: A view of a pig farm, yet another source of large pollution due to the insufficiency of existing methods for recycling sewage.


Regrettably, the electric power industry is afflicted by considerable misinformation even among technicians. For instance, it is generally believed that "natural gas is less polluting than gasoline or other fossil fuels." In reality, the EPA comparative measurements of the table of Figure 7 establish that, under the same conditions (same car with same weight used with the same computerized EPA routine, for the same duration of time), natural gas is "more" polluting than gasoline. In fact, under said equal conditions, natural gas exhaust contains 61% "more" hydrocarbons, about 41% "more" green gases, and about 200% "more" nitrogen oxides than gasoline exhaust.

Part of the misinformation is due to the fact that the flame in open air of natural gas is evidently cleaner than that of liquid fuels. However, the origin of the disparity is due to the fact that, liquid fuels have a much bigger energy density than natural gas. Therefore, serious comparison of pollutants must be done by comparing the pollutants for the production of the same energy, rather than visually comparing flames.

More specifically, one gallon of liquid fuels used in electric power plants generally contains about 120,000 British Thermal Units of energy (BTU), while one standard cubic foot (scf) of natural gas contains about 1,000 BTU. It is then evident that the flame of a gas must be cleaner than that of a liquid fuel. Serious comparison must be done instead with the gasoline gallon equivalent of natural gas which is given by 120 scf. The measurements of the table of Figure 7 establish that the combustion of gasoline gallon equivalent of 120 scf of natural gas is much more polluting than the combustion of one gallon of liquid fossil fuels.

FIGURE 9: A view of a 10 kW AC electric generator used for extensive tests with the combustion of natural gas, MagneGas™, and a mixture of natural gas and MagneGas™. Best results were obtained with a 50-50 mixture of natural gas and MagneGas™ for both the production of electricity as well as the decrease of pollutants in the exhaust. It should be kept in mind that, when operated on pure MagneGas™ electric generators can be used indoor because they produce no toxic substances and release up to 14% breathable oxygen in the exhaust.

 

 

FIGURE 10: A view of a bigger AC electric generator normally produced to operate on natural gas, but which can be operated without any change with pure MagneGas.
One of the most important applications of Santilli's technology is the use of MagneGas™ for the production of electricity under a significant decrease of pollutants in the combustion exhaust. This task can be done according to the following three applications:

 

 

7.A: USE OF MAGNEGAS™ AS ADDITIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS IN ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS.
An excellent application of MagneGas™ is that as an additive to any fossil fuel for the production of electricity in current electric power plants, with a reduction of the pollutants in the exhaust down to the desired levels

MagneGas mixes very well with natural gas. Therefore, MagneGas can be injected anywhere in natural gas pipelines or it can be injected directly in the plant furnace. When electric power plants burn oil or coal, MagneGas can be injected into the furnace, resulting in a number of advantages, such as:

(1) Improved quality of the exhaust via the mere decrease in the burning of fossil fuels for the same deliver of electric power, as well as the dramatically better quality of MagneGas™ exhaust;

(2) Improved efficiency due to various technical reasons, such as the much bigger flame temperature of MagneGas™ (since it contains about 50% hydrogen which has the biggest flame temperature among all gases);

(3) Pre-setting the exhaust quality as requested by the EPA, and then computing the percentage of MagneGas™ needed for its achievement.

As an example based on the sole use of the data of Figure 7, the use of 30% of MagneGas as an additive to natural gas in electric power plants would imply a reduction in the exhaust of about 30% of hydrocarbons, 30% of CO and 20% of CO2. These reductions are significant inasmuch as they would bring the emission within current EPA standards in most cases, thus avoiding the currently paid large EPA fines, as well as avoiding millions of dollars currently spent in attempting to improve the exhaust with filters and other essentially ineffective technologies.

Besides the above reductions, MagneGas™ can alleviate the biggest environmental problem caused by fossil fueled electric power plants, oxygen depletion, (namely, the permanent removal of breathable oxygen from our atmosphere as presented in Section 1).

Unlike fossil fuels which contain no oxygen, MagneGas™ is synthesized with a large percentage of oxygen trapped inside its magnecular clusters (see Section 7). In particular, this oxygen originates from liquid feedstock, rather than from the atmosphere (in which case it would cause oxygen depletion). As an example, MagneGas™ produced from antifreeze waste releases up to 14% breathable oxygen in its exhaust when burned in open air.

It is then evident that MagneGas™ can reduce the alarming oxygen depletion caused by fossil fueled power plants and estimated in the permanent removal of about five million metric tons of breathable oxygen per day. It should be noted that, when MagneGas™ is used as an additive to fossil fuels, no oxygen is expected to be produced in the joint combustion exhaust, because the oxygen emitted by MagneGas™ combustion is used for the combustion of fossil fuels. The important point is that the use of MagneGas™ as an additive to fossil fuels significantly decreases their oxygen depletion.

In regard to costs, the mere elimination of the million dollars EPA fines currently paid by the industry should be sufficient motivation for the use of MagneGas™ as an additive to fossil fuels. In any case, the cost of large volume production of MagneGas™ by electric power plants (especially at night, see below) is expected to be of the order of about $ 5 per million BTU. Therefore, the cost of MagneGas to electric power plants would be comparable to the current cost of fossil fuels (which is of about $ 10 per million BTU of natural gas) and, therefore, suitable for the use of MagneGas™ as an additive without implying an increase of the cost of electricity to consumers.

In view of all the above, it is hoped that executives of electric power plants take into serious consideration the use of MagneGas as an additive to fossil fuels, where "serious consideration" can only be implemented by power plants purchasing a PlasmaArcFlow™ Recycler and initiating at their facilities the production of electricity with the joint combustion of MagneGas™ and fossil fuels.

 

 

7.B: USE OF MAGNEGAS™ FOR PEAK DEMANDS OF ELECTRICITY
Surges in demands of electricity during the day are, by far, the most expensive for electric power companies and the most damaging to the environment. This occurrence should be compared with the corresponding condition at night in which the demand of electricity is minimal, while electric power plants are forced to run at full combustion (because a reduction at night followed by a return to normal use during the day would be more expensive than a steady run). Finally, one should keep in mind that said daily surges are generally local within the electric grid, namely, they occur at specific locations in the grid, while requiring the increase of production of electricity at the origin and its propagation throughout the grid with evident losses.

A second important use of the MagneGas™ technology is that of:

(1) Using the electric energy available at night for the production of MagneGas via total recyclers operating at pressures of the order of 300 psi;

(2) Storing the MagneGas™ produced in this way in pressure tanks at the same pressure without the use of compressors (to avoid a significant un-necessary cost); and

(3) Setting up in strategic locations in the grid a number of MagneGas™ operated electric generators for the automatic production of electricity during peak demands.

As an important bonus, while producing electricity, MagneGas™ recyclers eliminate unwanted liquid wastes (such as engine or cooking oil waste, animal waste, etc.) from the community in which they operate.

The technology for the actuation of the above important application of MagneGas™ is available now. It is only up to electric power companies to make the necessary investments.

 

7.C: USE MAGNEGAS™ TOTAL RECYCLERS AS NEW, CLEAN ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS.
Recall from Section 2 that the specific task received by Prof. Santilli from President Carter and his Administration was to develop new clean energies. Even though we are not authorized to disclose to the public the development of basically novel and clean energy sources permitted by hadronic mechanics, we can indicate an easily predictable application of the MagneGas™ technology: the use of the large heat produced by the hadronic reactors in the processing of oil for the production of steam via heat exchangers, which stem can power turbine operated DC generators for the partial self-generation of the DC electricity needed by the electric arc.

FIGURE 4: A 3D view of an industrial Total Recycler under construction by Prof. Santilli, which shows the DC operated recycler in the center, the steam powered turbine for the partial generation of the DC electricity needed by the arc via the use of the internal heat produced by the recycler, and a MagneGas fueled AC generator. Operations are initiated with the AC generator providing the electricity needed by the AC-DC converter. When the recycler reaches steam producing temperature, the DC generator is activated for the partial production of electricity needed by the arc, with full self-sufficiency being possible via additional non-polluting heat producing means, such as solar panels or MagneGas combustion. After achieving self-generation of DC electricity,, the AC generator releases the current into the grid, or the produced current is used for other purposes. When the heat produced by the recycler is complemented with other energy sources to the level of self-sufficiency in the production of the DC electricity for the arc, Total PlasmaArcFlow Recyclers constitute new nonpolluting electric power plants.

It should be indicated that, normally, the heat produced by the Total Recyclers is not sufficient for the complete self-generation of DC electricity. Recall from the preceding sections that the production of one scf of MagneGas™ from oil requires about 50 Wh = 170 BTU of AC electricity, or, for AC-DC converters with 85% efficiency, about 42 Wh = 145 BTU of DC electricity. Under the idea conditions predicted by quantum chemistry, the creation of one scf of MagneGas™ should produce about 2,250 BTU of heat. However, only about 300 BTU = 87 Wh of heat are generally measured in conventional hadronic reactors without special provisions we cannot here disclose.

By recalling that the utilization of heat via a heat exchanger has a very low efficiency, it should be assumed that 50% of said 300 BTU = 87 Wh are lost in heat dissipation, and only 25% of the remaining heat can be converted to DC electricity via a steam powered turbine. Therefore, the recycler can normally produce only 10 DC Wh, which is 23% of the required 42 Wh electricity per scf of MagneGas™.

However, there are a number of ways to bring Santilli's PlasmaArcFlow™ Total Recyclers to complete self-generation of the DC electricity needed by the arc. Those we can mention here are given by the use of solar power, wind power, or the burning of part of MagneGas produced for bringing the steam coming out of the heat exchangers to supercritical temperatures sufficient for said complete self-sufficiency.

Again, the technology for the use of Total Recyclers as basically new and clean electric power plants is available now. It is only up to electric power companies and/or other industries to make the necessary investments.

 

 

8. USE OF MAGNEGAS™ AS AUTOMOTIVE FUEL

The research leading to the MagneGas technology initiated some two decades ago when Prof. Santilli was a scientist at Harvard University. The research was supported by several grants from the U. S. Department of Energy personally supported by then President, now Nobel Laureate Jimmy Carter for a very specific goal: achieve a clean 100% American fuel.</\b> President Carter's and Prof. Santilli's dream is now a reality because MagneGas can today be produced in any desired quantity and in any desired location, while being cleaner, safer and cheaper then gasoline (of course, when produced in quantity, see below).

FIGURE 9: A view of the Ferrari 308 GTSi 1980 converted to operate with Santilli MagneGas without catalytic converter while surpassing EPA requirements. This automobile was first presented at the Ferrari meeting organized by the famous Ferrari magazine Cavallino at The Breakers in Palm Beach, Florida, from January 16-20, 2001. This MagneGas™ Ferrari was successfully tested on the nearby Moroso International Race Track on January 16 to 18, 2001. It proved to have the same performance as the gasoline operated version while surpassing EPA requirements without catalytic converter, having no hydrocarbons, CO or other toxic substances in the exhaust, emitting about 10% of breathable oxygen and reducing by about 50% the CO2 emissions due to gasoline combustion. The same MagneGas Ferrari was successfully presented at a number of other events organized by the Ferrari Club of America in Florida, including the race tracks in Sebring, Gainesville and other places.

 

FIGURE 10: The white Honda Civics operating on MagneGas which was used by the EPA certified automotive laboratory of Liphardt & Associates for the exhaust measurements of Section 3. This particular car was injected and dedicated to MagneGas. With a tank of 2,500 scf of MagneGas at 3,600 psi the car had about 2.5 hours of range in city driving, while with a tank of 3,500 scf at 4,500 psi and the same tank size, this Honda had an autonomy of about 3.5 hours, thus being fully sufficient for commuting purposes.
It is important to note that car capable of operating on MagneGas are already in production and use today all over the world, and are given by car produced to operate on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). In fact, a brand new Honda Civic built to operate on natural gas was purchased; natural gas was removed from the car; the tank was filled up with MagneGas; and the car operated normally from the first moment, thus proving that MagneGas and natural gas are interchangeable, although equally excellent results are obtained by using a 50-50 mixture of MagneGas and natural gas (which can also operate without catalytic converter as one can see from the exhaust data).


FIGURE 11: The brown Honda Civic which was used for extensive comparative tests of operation on gasoline and on MagneGas. This car was injected for gasoline and carbureted for MagneGas. Transition from one fuel to the other was done via a switch while moving, and permitted the direct verification that performance with MagneGas is similar than that with gasoline, while rvs are higher (because MagneGas has about 140 octane’s) and temperatures are lower (because 50% of MagneGas exhaust is given by water vapors).
< The conversion of gasoline fueled cars to operate on MagneGas is simple and consists in: adding a pressure tank in the trunk, adding a fuel line; and installing a pressure regulator releasing MagneGas into the intake manifold. In this case the car becomes "dual", namely it can operate either with gasoline or MagneGas. The transition from one fuel to the other is possible with a switch even while driving (see the brown Honda Civic above). The can also be operated via the joint combustion of MagneGas and gasoline with a dramatic improvement of the exhaust as indicted earlier.

 

FIGURE 12: A view of the two Honda Civic used for extensive tests on MagneGas.
The visitor should be made aware that the Santilli MagneGas Technology changes the entire structure of the fuel industry, including production and distribution. For instance, the idea of producing the fuel in one single location and then shipping it to gas stations is rendered obsolete by the new technology because PlasmaArcFlow Recyclers are small and can be placed directly where the fuel is needed, thus eliminating fuel transportation altogether. As a result, thanks to the MagneGas technology, current fuel distributors, car dealers, municipalities, fleet owners, etc. can became fuel producers.

 

FIGURE 13: A view of the MagneGas Filling Station essentially consisting of a Recycler (not shown in the figure), a conventional compressor and pressure tanks. It should be noted that new recyclers under construction will operate at high pressure, thus eliminating the need for the compressor. The same high pressure recyclers will have large storage areas, thus eliminating the need for tanks. With one of the new recyclers operating at high pressure, gas stations, car dealers, municipalities, fleet owners, etc., will become direct producers of a clean fuel, The safety of MagneGas over gasoline should also be noted. Gasoline is, by far, the most dangerous fuel used by mankind. Gasoline tanks are paper thin, and often rupture in car accidents, in which case gasoline spills and explodes. By comparison, high pressure MagneGas tanks are dramatically safer (they are tested with guns) and cannot rupture under any possible car accident. In the event a MagneGas fuel line (rather than the tank) is broken by an accident, MagneGas is lighter than air, rapidly disperses in the atmosphere, and does not spill. In the event of a flame near a ruptured line, MagneGas burns without explosion (because combustion cannot propagate inside the tank due to the lack of oxygen, the fuel being gaseous -not so for a liquid fuel such as gasoline due to the air over the liquid line!). Also, gasoline refills are slow and dangerous, particularly for race cars, while the refill of MagneGas is virtually instantaneous and safer, again, because MagneGas is lighter than air. Finally, being a gas, MagneGas weights much less than gasoline, thus permitting a better performance.
Being composed by 50% of a new species of hydrogen, MagneGas has about 130-140 octane’s, while 50% of its exhaust is composed of water vapor. The high octane’s permit higher rpm, while the production of water vapor during combustion permits lower engine temperatures. The gaseous nature of MagneGas permits per se a better combustion, as well known (in fact, gasoline has to be atomized by the carburetor to achieve combustion, while never reaching the gaseous state).

 

It should be recalled, as indicated earlier, that MagneGas is cost competitive over gasoline, of course, when produced in large volumes with large industrial recyclers. In fact, the gasoline gallon equivalent of MagneGas is given by about 150 standard cubic feet *cubit feet at atmospheric pressure and temperature). The production of MagneGas with industrial Total Recyclers of at least 1 MW yields a MagneGas direct cost of about $ 0.52 per gasoline gallon equivalent, thus leaving ample margin for overheads and profits. br>

 

9. USE OF THE MAGNEGAS™ TECHNOLOGY IN CIVILIAN AND MILITARY SHIPS

 

FIGURE 15: A view of a cruiseship and a warship out of very large fleets dumping in the oceans every day hundred of millions of gallons of highly toxic liquid wastes. The problem is so serious that the European Community is considering to prohibit American and other warships entering the Mediterranean Sea unless in time of war. These extremely toxic liquid wastes can be all recycled on board by Santilli's PlasmaArcFlow™ Recyclers, by releasing no pollutant at all in the ocean and producing a clean burning, oxygen MagneGas™. 

 

Santilli PlasmaArcFlow™ Recyclers can recycle on board ALL these contaminated liquid wastes, by releasing no pollutants in the oceans and while producing a clean burning. oxygen rich nonfossil MagneGas™. In particular,

TOTAL RECYCLERS (Section 1) can completely eliminate highly polluting liquid wastes (1) and (2), and transform them into MagneGas™ which usable on board for electric generation, heat usable for on board heating or cooling, and carbonaceous precipitates used for on board production of electrodes, while LINEAR RECYCLERS (Section 1) can process ship highly polluting liquid wastes (2) and (3) into MagneGas™,carbonaceous precipitates and sterilized and filtered waters fully suitable for release in the oceans.

After the investment of several millions of dollars over two decades of research and development, the Santilli MagneGas Technology has been long ready for these tasks. The only open issue is WHEN will the military and cruiseship owners take (or be forced to take) the initiative?

 

 

10. PROCESSING CRUDE OIL INTO THE CLEAN-BURNING OXYGEN-RICH MAGNEGAS™

FIGURE 15: Prototype of a large Total Recycler with 300 kW for the processing of crude oil into a fuel cleaner than gasoline and at a cost smaller than that of current crude oil refineries. 
The Santilli MagneGas technology was conceived and developed to be the best available allied of the oil industry because it permits


(1) The processing of crude oil into a fuel dramatically cleaner than gasoline at a cost less than that of current refineries. As a result, with the MagneGas technology the oil industry can continue to produce crude oil at current rates, while resolving existing environmental problems and, at the same time, have realistic possibilities of increasing profits via more efficient and less expensive processes.

(2) Processing crude oil at the well, thus transporting a gaseous fuels which eliminates spills, while permitting the oil industry billions of dollars of savings in insurance alone. This new industrial perspective is due to the fact that current refineries are efficient only if built in large scale, thus requiring the transportation of crude oil to the refinery. By contrast, Santilli PlasmaArcFlow Recyclers are light and, as such, they can be transported and operated at the well. In case of accident at sea or land, MagneGas is lighter than air, and, therefore, it rapidly dissipates without any spill. Moreover, all combustible bases, thus including MagneGas, when ignited do not explode but merely burn fast, thus preventing catastrophic accident such as those occurring in the transportation of gasoline.

(3) The Santilli Technology of Magnetically Polarized Fuels with magnecular chemical structure permits the synthesis of fundamentally new fuels, such as those which are oxygen-rich (an impossibility for fuels with conventional molecular structure) for the reduction of current alarming oxygen depletion caused by fossil fuels.

 


12. USE OF MAGNEGAS™ FOR METAL CUTTING


MagneGas™: a safe, economical and environmentally sound metal cutting gas

 

MagneGas being used as a metal cutting fuel

 

3.1.A. Metal cutting – an old process in search of new tools.

Metal cutting is used by businesses from auto body shops to railroad and shipyards to metal sculptors.
Acetylene has been traditionally used as a metal cutting gas. The extremely hot gases created by burning acetylene in combination with oxygen allow thick metals such as steel to be cut quickly.

 

 

Acetylene is highly regulated by the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). This regulatory environment restricts its production, transport and use by making permits for new production facilities very difficult to get.

These additional restrictions have been implemented because acetylene is dangerous to make and transport since it is unstable and potentially explosive. 

Concerns about its use include its instability, cost (ranging from 17 cents to 25 cents per cubic foot and averaging 18.6 cents per cubic foot) and harmful, carcinogenic fumes contribute strongly to the need for a viable alternative.

The interim replacement for acetylene is liquefied petroleum gas, or LPG. LPG is often combined with Methylacetylene-Propadiene to create MAPP gas. While LPG and MAPP are somewhat cleaner and safer to transport, store and use, their fumes and explosive properties present many of the same problems and dangers as acetylene. Both are environmentally harmful, dangerous and contain many proven carcinogens restricting their use to outdoors or with expensive, elaborate ventilation systems.

LPG and MAPP are often equally as expensive as acetylene because production facilities are few and far between. Both can add to operating costs since they are slower to get to effective operating temperature versus acetylene impairing operator efficiency.

In all cases, for acetylene, MAPP and LPG, although no official studies are readily available, the reality of adverse health effects caused by fumes, particularly respiratory disease and cancers, are well recognized and understood by cutting torch operators.

MagneGas™ offers five major advantages as an alternative to acetylene, MAPP and LPG as a cutting gas:

1)Improved Safety:

MagneGas™ offers significant safety features:

Comprised of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide, its exhaust is free of toxic fumes and carcinogens making it safe for indoor use. Because MagneGas™ exhaust has a positive oxygen balance, its does not present the dangers of oxygen depletion in closed environments that other fuels do.

Compared to fossil fuels, MagneGas™ is less explosive making it much safer to use.

MagneGas™ is lighter than air, substantially reducing the danger of explosion compared to fossil fuels, which are heavier than air and tend to pool in and around work areas.

Although MagneGas™ is clear, it has a natural odor allowing it to be easily detected.

MagneGas™ Generators are equipped with safety devices and automatic shutoffs to ensure that the gas generation process is as safe as the gas itself.

 

2) Lower Cost: Compared to acetylene, MagneGas™ is very cost competitive even after considering cost of equipment, consumables, electricity and labor:

7.6 cents/cubic foot (cf) using our smallest unit, the MG-12 (see Section 2.3.B. for more details on the cost of operation);

7.2 cents/cf using the MG-25 (see Section 2.3.C. for more details on the cost of operation);

The MG-50 will provide even greater savings for high volume users

 

3) On site, on demand:

No complicated storage and use regulations and requirements, no late deliveries, no price increases, no special handling procedures, no invoices, no running out of gas, no rush orders or rush delivery charges. In short, a lot fewer worries. Use as much as you need when you need it, and, MagneGas™ has many other uses and benefits, too.

 

4) No compromises:

MagneGas™ has a faster heat-up time than LPG and comparable or better cutting speed and a smoother finish compared to either acetylene or LPG.

 

5) Added value that can reduce, and even eliminate the cost of MagneGas™:

Using the MG equipment to eliminate solvents, oils and other liquid wastes that are costly to dispose of can contribute significantly to offsetting costs of operation, reducing the net cost of gas while solving waste disposal issues. Tapping the heat generated by the MG equipment to create hot air, hot water or steam (depending on frequency of use) can contribute even more to the value of your MagneGas™ generating equipment.

 

  
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