Sewage Recyclers | MagneGas Corporation

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. TERMINOLOGY
3. TECHNICAL SUMMARY
4. CHEMICAL ANALYSES
5. SEWAGE RECYCLERS

The disposal of human and animal sewage is one of the biggest environmental problems of modern societies. Insufficient treatment of sewage has lead to serious health hazards such as: ecoli outbreaks; damage to agricultural products; aquifer pollution; contamination of drinking water; costal degradation; and damage to marine life.

It should be kept in mind that the release of highly infectious substances in the environment is a violation of the law. Hence, the primary function of the PlasmaArcFlow^TM Sewage Recyclers developed by MagneGas Corporation (patented and international patents pending) is the complete sterilization of sewage via its passage through a submerged electric arc, while jointly producing the clean burning Magnegas fuel.

The recyclers operate in the so-called Linear Mode referred to the single passage of the sewage through the entire equipment. As a consequence, there is no appreciable increase of sewage temperature, and PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers do not produce heat. Also, PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers do not produce electricity, but use electricity in a very efficient way to sterilize sewage and turn it into usable waters while producing a fuel. Self-sufficiency in the needed electricity can be achieved via renewable sources, such as wind or solar sources.

Once sewage is sterilized with the arc, there are several commercially available technologies for the removal of the carbonized solids in suspension and the depuration of the final effluent water as requested by local environmental authorities, by using a small floor area as compared to the several acres needed for a conventional sewage treatment plant, with distinct environmental, logistic and financial advantages.

PlasmaArcFlow Recyclers of various types and powers can recycle city, farm, ship, industrial, military and other sewage into: 1) Sterilized and filtered final effluent waters consisting of about 97% of the original sewage volume, which waters are excellent for irrigation; 2) MagneGas usable for all fuel purposes; and 3) Carbonized precipitates corresponding to about 1% of the original sewage used for the production of electrodes or other uses. The PlasmaArcFlow treatment releases no appreciable odor because it is completely enclosed and the arc terminates all bacteriological activities. The sole noise produced is that of AC-DC converters and pumps.

Conventional sewage treatment plants require a large and expensive pipe network and the pumping of all the sewage to a centralized area. By comparison, PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers can be placed locally where irrigation waters are needed, for instance, near a park. Similarly, the sewage of a new village can be processed locally with a PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recycler resulting in the production of sterilized and filtered irrigation waters and the Magnegas Fuel, thus avoiding miles of underground pipes for connection to the central plant. Besides the availability of irrigation waters and a fuel, the financial advantages are evident from the elimination of the high cost of connecting a new village to a centralized treatment plant.

In summary, the primary custumers for the purchase of PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers, or for the contractual use of their recycling services, are: municipalities for use either at the central plant to decrease the bacteriological count when over legal limits or locally where irrigation waters are needed; new villages to prevent the expensive hook-up to the central recycling plant while having irrigation waters and a clean burning fuel; civilian and military ships since the recyclers can process on board the ship waste waters, thus avoiding their dumping in open oceans with damage to marine life or expensive disposal methods; beach-front hotels so as to avoid the use of prime land for the partial treatment of local sewage, while having in generally remote areas precious irrigation waters and a clean burning fuel for cooking and other uses.

Sewage
Is referred to biocontaminated waters with a maximum of 1% (one percent) of Total Suspended Solids (TSS - see below), as originating from cities, villages, ships and other human activities. All PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers considered in this website are solely intended for the processing of sewage as here defined.

Sludge
Is referred to a condensed form of biocontaminants in sewage or to farm liquid biowastes with more than 1% Total Suspended Solids. Recyclers for sludge as here defined are treated in the separate site PlasmaArcFlow Sludge Recyclers.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
A high level of suspended solids can damage bottom-dwelling life-forms and cause anaerobic conditions on the bottoms of lakes, rivers and seas due to the breakdown of the solids. The numerical value of the TSS is generally obtained via the carbonization of all substances in suspension.

Coliform
Denotes the family of the primary bacteria present in sewage made up of several groups, one of which is the faecal coliform group, which is found in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals including humans. One of the primary function of PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers is that of eliminating all possible coliforms as well as all other bacteriological activity.

Vector fly
These terms refer to the decomposition of organic substances that, as such, attracts flies. Therefore, the sole sterilization of organic substances contained in sewage is not sufficient for full treatment due to the ensuing vector fly problem. Sewage treatment in accordance with environmental laws requires that all organic substances be carbonized so as to prevent the vector fly problem, and then removed from final effluent waters to prevent contamination of agricultural land.

Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD)
Organic material is a major pollutant in sewage. The commonest measure of the organic content of sewage is the Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD). CBOD is a measure of the oxygen required to degrade organic compounds in the flow of wastewater. It is called Biochemical Oxygen Demand because bacteria in the water provide the primary catalysts for the conversion of organic materials and the consumption of oxygen in the water. A high CBOD level in natural water causes a fall in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, which often kills aquatic life.

Nutrients
An excess of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus may cause eutrophication in natural waters. Eutrophication begins with algal blooms, followed by high BOD levels (when the algae die) and low DO concentrations. It should be noted that the nutrients in sterilized and filtered final effluent waters from PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers are also the main components of commercially available fertilizers. Therefore, when said final waters are used for irrigation of agricultural products, said nutrients may be maintained, rather than removed, depending on local environmental authorities, with significant savings in the cost of the Recyclers.

Eutrophication
Occurs in the ageing process of a body of water in which organic material accumulates and slowly replaces oxygen so that, eventually, it fills in and becomes dry land. In recent years, this process has been accelerated by plant or algae growth in many bodies of water, encouraged by environmental pollution from such sources as detergents containing phosphorus, the leaching of fertilizers, sewage and toxic dumping, and heated water from the cooling systems of power plants and other industries.

The PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers of MagneGas Corporation operate with the principle of passing sewage through the plasma caused by an electric arc between the tips of graphite electrodes. Beginning with a minimum of 100 Kw, said plasma has physical conditions similar to those in the chromosphere of the Sun, with a temperature of at least 10,000^o F, very strong UltraViolet (UV) light, DC currents with several thousands of Amperes and other agents. The passage of sewage through said conditions at an appropriate flow causes: 1) The complete sterilization of the sewage; 2) The carbonization of the biomasses in suspension; and 3) The production of MagneGas fuel. Note that the arc does not recycle contaminants in solution, such as phosphates, nitrates, etc. Note also that a pre-set flow (or daily volume) of sewage processing identifies the needed power, a minimum being 100 Kw.

PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers operate in the Linear Mode referred to one single passage of sewage through the entire equipment. As a consequence, there is no appreciable increase of sewage temperature, and PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers do not produce heat. Also, PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers do not produce electricity, but use electricity in a very efficient way to sterilize sewage and turn it into usable waters while producing a fuel. Self-sufficiency in the needed electricity can be achieved via renewable sources, such as wind or solar sources.

Once all bacteriological activities have been terminated and biomasses in suspension are carbonized, numerous fully established technologies exist for the rapid completion of the processing with minimal floor space. In fact:

CARBONIZED BIOMASS: can be removed with filters, centrifuges and other available equipment as desired by the customer. Choice of equipment to remove carbinized biomass impacts the final cost of the recycler. For instance, filters are considerably less expensive than centrifuges, although they require backwash while centrifuges do not.

WATER PURIFICATION: Nutrients in the final, sterilized and filtered affluent water can be treated with a variety of available equipment as requested by local environmental authorities, including charcoal activated filters, electro coagulation, and other equipment. Note again that charcoal activated filters are much less expensive than electrocoagulation, but require periodic backwash.

The main components of the PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers are the following:

PRE-TREATMENT STATION, consisting of a station for either the removal of solids generally contained in raw sewage (such as paper, plastic, etc.) or their maceration down to the maximal size allowed per given power, in which case they can be carbonized by the arc under a sufficient power at a suitable flow.

AUTOMATIC CONTROL PANELS, consisting of various electronic panels for the automatic control of operations, including automatic arrest of the process in the event of any malfunction for pressure, temperature, flow, etc.

PLASMA-ARC-FLOW STATION, consisting of the vessel containing the submerged electric arc, including strainers, pumps, means for the replacement of the electrodes, and other equipment;

LEVEL STATION, comprising means for the automatic control of the sewage level inside the PlasmaArcFlow Station; SOLIDS REMOVAL STATION, consisting of means for the removal of carbonized solids in suspension, such as filters, centrifuges, and the like;

SOLID CARBONIZATION STATION, consisting of means to assure that all solids in suspension are sterilized and carbonized, that is particularly recommended when raw sewage is treated including the maceration of originally contained solids;

WATER PURIFICATION STATION, consisting of means for the removal of contaminants in solution to produce final effluent waters as requested by local environmental authorities, including charcoal activated filters, electro coagulation equipment or other equipment, plus a final UltraViolet (UV) station to assure sterilization of the final, filtered and purified waters;

REVERSE OSMOSIS STATION, included when drinking water is requested as final effluent waters.

MAGNEGAS STATION, comprising decompression tanks, filters, de-humidifier, and a compressor up to 5,000 psi (333 bars).

MagneGas Corporation produces the following two types of Recyclers:

PILOT PLASMA-ARC-FLOW RECYCLERS ON A TRAILER whose primary function is that of conducting demonstration in location as a condition to secure orders for services or equipment. These Recyclers generally have one single PlasmaArcFlow Station. Consequently, recycling is halted when the electrodes need replacement, the life of the electrodes being generally set by the customer and varies from 3 to 7 days of continuous work. Pilot Recyclers are also generally equipped with filters that, as such, need backwash following fill up, with consequential halting of the process. These interruptions for service are acceptable for demonstration, securing of permits, etc.

INDUSTRIAL PLASMA-ARC-FLOW SEWAGE RECYCLERS that are floor mounted and include the doubling of all stations in need of periodic service, such as dual PlasmaArcFlow Stations, dual Filter Stations, etc., to allow continuous 24 hours per day operations via the automatic shift of sewage from one station to the other when in need of service.

The primary markets of PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers are the following:

1) MUNICIPALITIES. In this case the applications of the MagneGas Technology are multifold. Firstly, sewage treatment plants at times operate beyond the legal limit of biological counts due to population growth occurred since the construction of the plant. In this case, municipalities can flow part of the sewage through a PlasmaArcFlow Station for the specific purpose of reducing the biological count as requested by local laws, and then return the sterilized waters back to the existing treatment facilities. This application does not necessarily require the use of the purification equipment of the PlasmaArcFlow Recyclers, thus allowing a considerable reduction of costs. Secondly, municipalities generally need irrigation for parks, fountains and other uses that impact valuable water resources, resulting in notorious water shortages known the world over. By comparison, municipalities can place PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers in peripheral strategic locations, such as near commercial centers, apartment buildings, parks, beaches, and other peripheral locations. Sewage can be pumped from nearby sewage pipes and treated locally, because of lack of appreciable odor or noise pollution, thus reducing the biological count at the main sewage plant and reducing possible notorious overflows,while providing locally sterilized and filtered irrigation water and a clean burning fuel.

2) NEW APARTMENT BUILDINGS. One of the biggest problems for the construction of new apartment buildings and villages in isolated or mountain regions or waterfront locations is the securing of the permit for sewage treatment, that requires the construction of often long underground pipes, generally at the cost of several millions of dollars. By comparison, new apartment buildings and villages can be equipped with PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers for the processing of all local sewage, while providing filtered and sterilized waters excellent for irrigation, as well as fuel excellent for cooking, heating, transportation and other uses, transportation, etc., with evident financial advantages due to the high cost of hook-up to the sewage central plant.

3) CIVILIAN SHIPS. The disposal of liquid waste poses a major challenge to cruise ships, as well as civilian and commercial ships at large, since they generally dump all on board produced liquid waste in the open ocean. Due to the notorious damage to marine life, the International Resolution MECP 159(55) requires that all civilian ships be equipped by 2011 with means for the recycling on board all produced liquid wastes. Due to their completely automatic and remote operation, as well as lack of appreciable noise or odor pollution, PlasmaArcFlow Recyclers of various types can be placed in the hull and recycle all on board produced liquid wastes. In particular, PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers can process ship sewage into a sterilized and filtered water reusable for toilets, thus decreasing the on board need for potable waters, as well as decreasing docking time for water refilling in the port. Additionally, the produced Magnegas can be used for environmentally acceptable on board incineration as well as for other uses.

4) MILITARY SHIPS. Military ships, such as large aircraft carriers, are known as being some of the biggest polluters of the oceans because dumping at sea all on board produced waste waters, some being very toxic, resulting in a sizable damage to marine life. This occurrence is so serious that various countries prevent military ships from friendly nations to doc at their port so as to prevent large environmental problems. Under sufficient funding, PlasmaArcFlow Recyclers can process all on board produced waste waters, by rendering military ships completely harmless to the environment, while producing on board precious sterilized and filtered waters excellent for toilet and other re-uses, as well as producing on board a clean burning fuel excellent as additive for cleaning fossil fuel combustion (see Use of MagneGas to clean fossil fuel exhaust as well as for on boardheating, cooking and other uses.

5) BEACH FRONT HOTELS. Beach-front hotels are located in beautiful often remote regions generally without sewage treatment facilities. Consequently, beach-front hotels are forced to use some of their prime land for the partial recycling of their sewage and then releasing it in the the land or the ocean with evident damage to marine life and their own customers. Since PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers occupy limited floor areas and release no appreciable odor or noise, they can be located in a basement or in a small enclosed area, thus releasing valuable land, while providing precious irrigation waters as well as clean burning fuel for cooking and other uses.

The two pictures below illustrate of a typical chemical analysis conducted with a locally available sewage prior to delivery of the PlasmaArcFlow Recyclers. The top view shows the data of the raw sewage:

CBOD 600 mg/l; TSS 68 mg/l; nitrates less than 0.25 mg/l (at the limit of detection by the used instrument); fecal coliforms TNTC (beyond measurement; and Total Phosphorus 1.07 mg/l

The bottom analysis shows the same wastewater following treatment with the 100 Kw Pilot PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recycler with data:

CBOD 10.2 mg/l; TSS 5 mg/l; nitrates less than 0.85 mg/l (at the limit of detection by the used instrument); fecal coliforms less than 100 colonies (non detectable)t; and Total Phosphorus 0.32 mg/l

The above data were obtained with the use of two sand filters for the removal of carbonized biomasses in suspension and two charcoal activated filters for the treatment of contaminants in solution. The achievement of better purity in the final effluent waters can be achieved in a variety of way as desired with the use of bigger charcoal activated filters, electro coagulation and other means, all the way to drinking quality via the use of the reverse osmosis.

While conventional sewage treatment plant are very difficult to duplicate or expand in order to accommodate population growth, several PlasmaArcFlow Sewage Recyclers described below can be readily placed in various strategic peripheral locations depending on needs as described in this web page.

100 KW TEST SEWAGE RECYCLER ON A TRAILER

General characteristics:

SEWAGE RECYCLED: 100,000 gallons (400,000 liters)per 24 hour day depending on appropriate downstream equipment;

MAGNEGAS PRODUCED: 10,000 scf/day (280,000 liters/day) corresponding to about 70 gasoline gallon equivalent (250 gasoline liters) per day;